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Hit song science: a comprehensive survey and research directions Journal of New Music Research (IF 1.1) Pub Date : 2023-11-20 Danilo B. Seufitelli, Gabriel P. Oliveira, Mariana O. Silva, Clarisse Scofield, Mirella M. Moro
Hit Song Science (HSS) is an emerging topic that aims to unveil the success dynamics within the music industry. Considering the growth of the area, we provide a comprehensive study with a complete ...
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Thinking ahead: the use of mental training in young violinists’ skill development Music Education Research (IF 1.437) Pub Date : 2023-11-23 Fiona Mary Vilnite, Mara Marnauza
Mental training has been employed successfully by experienced musicians, but rarely explored with younger learners. Considering its benefits, however, including the use and development of predictiv...
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Teacher habitus as/at the nexus of practice: Musical Futures and Irish primary schools Music Education Research (IF 1.437) Pub Date : 2023-11-23 Edmond Gubbins
Musical Futures approaches, with their roots in informal learning, have been the subject of much research internationally, with studies showing their significant impact on music education policy an...
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The identity reconciliation of five elementary students across their landscapes of musical practice Music Education Research (IF 1.437) Pub Date : 2023-11-23 Melissa A. Goetschius, Tawnya D. Smith
Elementary-aged students likely participate in an in-school Community of Musical Practice (CoMP) in addition to CoMPs outside of school. Therefore, knowing a student’s entire Landscape of Musical P...
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Moral economies in the community of Norwegian folk music practices Music Education Research (IF 1.437) Pub Date : 2023-11-23 John Vinge, Sigrid R?yseng, Heidi Stavrum
This article investigates the moral outlooks and obligations that are intertwined in the teaching and learning processes of the traditional folk music community in Norway and how moral aspects affe...
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A demographic profile of high school music courses in New York Music Education Research (IF 1.437) Pub Date : 2023-11-23 David Knapp, Matthew Clauhs, Bryan Powell
Previous scholarship has provided a broad overview of demographic trends in secondary school music enrolment across the United States. However, there exists a gap in the literature in how students ...
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Through the lens of Bourdieu: an integral literature review on bringing gender neutrality to the musical instrument selection process Music Education Research (IF 1.437) Pub Date : 2023-11-23 Sori Kim
Gender stereotypes in musical instrument selection have been studied for over 40 years. However, little research has been conducted on the importance of reducing the impact of factors that affect t...
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Geometries in sound: an investigation of embodied cognition in contemporary art music Journal of New Music Research (IF 1.1) Pub Date : 2023-11-06 Riccardo D. Wanke
This paper examines how listeners hear contemporary art music practices such as post-spectralism, glitch-electronica, contemporary?classical and electroacoustic music. The sound configurations of t...
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Entropy, pitch, and noise: organisation and disorganisation in the perception of closure for different types of spectra Journal of New Music Research (IF 1.1) Pub Date : 2023-11-03 Luca Danieli, Matthias Frank
In this article, we develop a hypothesis on the role of spectral entropy in conveying a sensation of termination for short musical fragments. We tested the hypothesis in an experiment presenting sp...
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AMMRI: a computational assessment tool for music novices’ replication and improvisation tasks Journal of New Music Research (IF 1.1) Pub Date : 2023-10-26 Roger T. Dean, Anthony Chmiel, Madeleine Radnan, John R. Taylor, Jennifer MacRitchie
We present computational analyses of musical performances during 12-months study by novice participants aged 65–80. They learned two instruments (an electronic piano keyboard; the iPad app ThumbJam...
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Structural Segmentation and Labelling of Tabla Solo Performances Journal of New Music Research (IF 1.1) Pub Date : 2023-10-17 R. Gowriprasad, R. Aravind, Hema A. Murthy
Tabla is a North Indian percussion instrument that serves as both an accompaniment and a captivating solo instrument. Tabla solo is intricate and elaborate, exhibiting rhythmic evolution through a ...
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Automatic music transcription for sitar music analysis Journal of New Music Research (IF 1.1) Pub Date : 2023-10-05 Li Su, Alec Cooper, Yu-Fen Huang
The automatic transcription for non-Western music presents unique challenges, particularly because the result is often imperfect. How to improve automatic music transcription (AMT) for computationa...
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The Rebel Crank: redefining street barrel organs performance practice through physical gesture transgression Journal of New Music Research (IF 1.1) Pub Date : 2023-09-13 René Silva Ponce, Juan Parra Cancino, Rodrigo F. Cádiz
This paper redefines the performance practice of street barrel organs by transcending their conventional physical gestures beyond their role as mere music reproduction machines. We propose a new understanding of these instruments by establishing a parallel with how turntables started to be considered musical instruments through hand manipulation. Collaborating with Chilean organilleros, we experimented
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On the concept of Raga parentage in Carnatic music Journal of New Music Research (IF 1.1) Pub Date : 2023-09-16 Jom Kuriakose, Veena Suresh, Shrey Dutta, Hema A. Murthy, M. V. N. Murthy
The concept of rāga in Carnatic music is based on an ordered set of notes in an octave. Historically rāgas are broadly classified into two sets, namely Janaka (root/parent) and Janya (derived/offspring) rāgas. Every janya rāga is derived from a unique parent. We examine this classification critically and attempt to provide a quantitative basis for such a classification by defining a ‘distance’ between
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Teachers’ perspectives on music education in Croatian music schools Music Education Research (IF 1.437) Pub Date : 2023-09-12 Vesna Svalina, Zrinka ?imunovi?
Croatian music education is implemented within the national education system. In this research, we focused on secondary education, or, more precisely, on teachers who work in Specialised music scho...
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Digital didactic resources and music: mapping the last decade of research Music Education Research (IF 1.437) Pub Date : 2023-08-29 Tania Caama?o Li?ares, Jesús Rodríguez Rodríguez, Montserrat Castro Rodríguez, Diana Marín Suelves
ABSTRACT The main purpose of this paper was to carry out an analysis of the scientific production in the last decade on the creation and use of materials in the field of music related to digital technology. For this purpose, a bibliometric study was carried out on 773 articles available in Scopus, and a content analysis was done on 252 open access articles. Conceptual clarifications of concepts in
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Examining transposed makams in Turkish music through machine learning: classification of Rengidil-Neveser and Ruhnevaz-Buselik pieces Journal of New Music Research (IF 1.1) Pub Date : 2023-08-23 M. Kemal Karaosmano?lu, Esra Berkman, Mehmet ?lker Berkman
The concept of shad-makam is explored through an analysis of pieces in makams Rengidil and Ruhnevaz, to see whether these two are distinct structures or transposition of their antecedents; Neveser and Buselik. The analysis was performed using ML algorithms on features extracted from symbolic Turkish music data. The standard tuning and the shad-makam pieces transposed to the same pitch with original
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Cognitive processing of rhythm in primary education: encounters between teaching practice and scientific evidence Music Education Research (IF 1.437) Pub Date : 2023-08-22 José álamos-Gómez, Jesús Tejada, Felipe Farías
ABSTRACT This paper explores how Chilean teachers approach fundamental aspects of rhythm, verifying their consistency with cognitive processing theory and findings. 203 music teachers completed a validated questionnaire with closed and open items regarding how they approach pulse, tempo, meter and rhythmic patterns during rhythm production and perception activities. The results show that, in general
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Problematising the potentials of music programs to address Australia’s youth justice policy problems Music Education Research (IF 1.437) Pub Date : 2023-08-10 Alexis Anja Kallio
ABSTRACT Reflecting an international shift from punitive to more rehabilitative responses to youth offending, many Australian youth justice systems are undergoing significant revision and reform. The urgency of these changes are intensified by longstanding inequities pertaining to the gross overrepresentation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth and documented violations of human rights within
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Centring perspectives of disabled children in music education research Music Education Research (IF 1.437) Pub Date : 2023-08-09 Olivia Swedberg Yinger, Martina Vasil, Alaina Sheridan
ABSTRACT There is a need for music education research that uplifts and affirms disabled children by exploring their perceptions of participation in musical experiences in music classrooms. The purpose of this position paper is to a) define what it means to centre perspectives of disabled children, b) provide a rationale for centring perspectives of disabled children in music education research, c)
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The subject ‘music’ from inside versus outside the music teaching profession: a comparative case study on the views of music and non-music primary education teachers in Spain Music Education Research (IF 1.437) Pub Date : 2023-08-05 Daniel Mateos-Moreno, Paloma Bravo-Fuentes
ABSTRACT Music as a subject in compulsory education is thought to have both a low reputation and a globally declining relevance. However, research findings have been contradictory in exploring the beliefs of teachers on the subject and have mainly targeted the Anglo-Saxon context. With the present study, we aim to shed light on how teachers understand this subject by adopting an approach that is novel
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YouTube comments on violin instruction videos: an analysis of comments in Turkish Music Education Research (IF 1.437) Pub Date : 2023-08-05 Ozan Gulum
ABSTRACT This research examines the comments on violin instruction videos on YouTube in the context of practice challenges encountered by learners while playing the violin and solutions provided by instructors to these challenges. 205 comments related to the research context were included in the analysis among a total of 4934 comments from 398 violin instruction videos in Turkish and they were examined
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What do we mean by ‘systematic’, ‘empirically grounded’ research in music? Journal of New Music Research (IF 1.1) Pub Date : 2023-08-02 Johanna Devaney, David Meredith
Published in Journal of New Music Research (Vol. 51, No. 2-3, 2022)
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The evolution of syncopation in twentieth-century American popular music Journal of New Music Research (IF 1.1) Pub Date : 2023-08-02 Joseph VanderStel, David Temperley
Several studies have found increases in syncopation within genres of twentieth-century popular music, but its evolution across the entire century has not been explored. In this study we use a new corpus of vocal melodies to examine trends in the use of syncopation. We find an increasing trend over the entire century. We also consider three ways of categorising syncopations into ‘strong’ and ‘weak’
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Learning music theorising through inspiration and curiosity. Insights from emergent lesson design in an upper secondary school in Finland Br. J. Music Educ. (IF 1.179) Pub Date : 2023-07-27 Cecilia Bj?rk, Mats Granfors, S. Alex Ruthmann
This study examines the learning processes that take place when upper secondary students apply and generate theories while drawing on their preferred music and writing songs of their own. One music theory teacher and two researchers collaborated to design an emergent sequence of lessons focusing on students’ interests, questions and creative work. Interpretive and musical analysis of students’ progress
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Economic rationale shaping music teacher education: the case of Spain Br. J. Music Educ. (IF 1.179) Pub Date : 2023-07-24 Felipe Javier Zamorano-Valenzuela, José Luis Aróstegui, Cristina González-Martín
This article discusses the literature on music teacher education programmes for mainstream education in order to undertake critical reflection on what we are doing and why in our university classrooms, what theories are implicit and what could be done to improve our programmes. After analysis, mainly from European contexts, and considering the Spanish one in particular, we find an influence of the
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Different forms of students’ motivation and musical creativity in secondary school Br. J. Music Educ. (IF 1.179) Pub Date : 2023-07-20 Roberto Cremades-Andreu, Carlos Lage-Gómez
Student motivation has been conceived as a crucial factor in the learning processes. However, research in motivation and creative learning in the secondary education music classroom has been limited. Student motivation is explored in this article through a collaborative action research study, in the form of several projects centred on the creation of music through group improvisation and cooperative
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Ethnomusicology, entrepreneurialism and the Western classical music student Br. J. Music Educ. (IF 1.179) Pub Date : 2023-07-18 Rupert Avis
This article explores the potential use of ethnomusicology in the development of entrepreneurialism amongst Western classical music students studying at UK music colleges. It is argued that both ‘doing’ and ‘reading’ ethnomusicology can encourage students to explore the diverse uses and meanings attached to Western classical music in varied social and geographic contexts. The knowledge garnered through
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Music teaching in primary schools of Albacete, Spain, during the COVID-19 pandemic Br. J. Music Educ. (IF 1.179) Pub Date : 2023-07-18 Raquel Bravo Marín, Narciso José López García, Alonso Mateo Gómez
The role, functions and duties of teachers have dramatically changed with the COVID-19 pandemic. This sudden change has posed enormous challenges for schools, students and teachers. This article deals with the situation of music teaching in the Spanish province of Albacete (Castilla-La Mancha)1 in the first two terms of the course 2020–2021 through face-to-face lessons. A questionnaire, created on
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Impact of musical training in specialised centres on learning strategies, auditory discrimination and working memory in adolescents Br. J. Music Educ. (IF 1.179) Pub Date : 2023-07-14 Carmen María Sepúlveda-Durán, Pilar Martín-Lobo, Sandra Santiago-Ramajo
The aim of this study was to analyse whether specialised musical training influences auditory discrimination, working memory, learning strategies and academic performance. Sixty students (30 with at least four years of musical training and 30 without) of the same socioeconomic level were compared. Significant differences were found between students with and without musical training in terms of learning
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Power relations in the music teaching studio Br. J. Music Educ. (IF 1.179) Pub Date : 2023-07-13 Kim Burwell
Power relations operate in any educational setting, and there may be particular vulnerabilities in a tradition conducted in the relative isolation of the music teaching studio. These vulnerabilities have been highlighted dramatically in recent years through high-profile cases of power abuse, but power is implicated in a wide range of contexts related to the studio, including cultural, gendered, pedagogical
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Secondary choral students’ and preservice music educators’ perceptions of a service-learning experience in the United States: An action research study Br. J. Music Educ. (IF 1.179) Pub Date : 2023-07-13 Emily M. Mercado, Erin N. Bailey, Katie Houston Davies
The purpose of this service-learning action research study was to develop and investigate after-school individualised vocal lessons for secondary students aged 14–18 years (n = 15) taught by preservice music educators (PMEs) (n = 12) in the United States. In service learning, all parties should benefit from the experience while addressing curricular and community needs. Therefore, our intentions were
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Use of animated stories to improve music education practices of trainee primary school teachers in Spain Br. J. Music Educ. (IF 1.179) Pub Date : 2023-07-13 José María Esteve-Faubel, María Teresa Botella-Quirant, Rosa Pilar Esteve-Faubel
This article analyses an interdisciplinary educational experience combining music, ICT, language and art to create an animated story with active listening as a means of improving knowledge of music education practices. The method consisted of a qualitative, exploratory and descriptive study, with a semi-structured open-ended interview and analysis of the corresponding portfolio by both students and
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Music education research special issue: posthuman perspectives for music education Music Education Research (IF 1.437) Pub Date : 2023-06-18
Published in Music Education Research (Vol. 25, No. 3, 2023)
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FluidHarmony: Defining an equal-tempered and hierarchical harmonic lexicon in the Fourier space Journal of New Music Research (IF 1.1) Pub Date : 2023-06-16 Gilberto Bernardes, Nádia Carvalho, Samuel Pereira
FluidHarmony is an algorithmic method for defining a hierarchical harmonic lexicon in equal temperaments. It utilizes an enharmonic weighted Fourier transform space to represent pitch class set (pcsets) relations. The method ranks pcsets based on user-defined constraints: the importance of interval classes (ICs) and a reference pcset. Evaluation of 5,184 Western musical pieces from the 16th to 20th
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Whiteness, interpellation, and embodied technique in western classical vocal pedagogy Music Education Research (IF 1.437) Pub Date : 2023-06-13 Sophie Fetokaki
ABSTRACT Criticism of the foundational whiteness of western classical music's socio-cultural heritage remains relatively rare, and the field continues to export a prestigious self-image of cultural and technical superiority. Building on Ben Spatz’ epistemology of practice, I argue that the foundational whiteness of western classical music is principally and most tenaciously embodied within its training
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Gestural migration as a pedagogical tool in violin learning: a case study Music Education Research (IF 1.437) Pub Date : 2023-06-13 Roberto Alonso Trillo
ABSTRACT This article explores the potential of gestural migrations as a novel approach to violin pedagogy, allowing us to trace enlightening parallelisms between the learning of musical performative gestures and the gestural dimension of cinema as a time-shaped/shaping artistic discipline. As a case study, I take the first movement of Claude Debussy's Violin Sonata L. 140, composed in 1917, following
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Bringing a ‘What’s the problem represented to be?’ approach to music education: a national plan for music education 2022 Music Education Research (IF 1.437) Pub Date : 2023-06-11 Carol Bacchi
ABSTRACT This article introduces an analytic strategy or thinking tool called the ‘What’s the Problem Represented to be?’ (WPR) approach and suggests its usefulness for reflecting on important debates in music education. First developed as a mode of policy analysis, WPR has since been adopted in many fields and topic areas. The WPR approach consists of seven forms of questioning and analysis that target
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Preparing conservatoire students for the music education workforce: institutional and industrial perspectives on instrumental teacher education in England Music Education Research (IF 1.437) Pub Date : 2023-06-08 Luan Shaw
ABSTRACT A skilled music education workforce is essential to ensure longevity of music-making for future generations of young learners and access to high-quality instrumental music tuition remains crucial for school-aged pupils. Yet, Higher Education providers, including conservatoires, are not held accountable for providing high-quality pedagogical training to ensure that music graduates are best
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Examining gender bias in student evaluations of music teacher educators Music Education Research (IF 1.437) Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Beatrice B. Olesko, Matthew Clauhs
ABSTRACT Through a randomised controlled experimental design, the purpose of this study was to determine whether the gender of a music teacher educator influenced student perceptions of professional and interpersonal teaching skills. Participants (N?=?146) completed a student evaluation questionnaire after viewing five-minute teaching videos of a professor leading a lecture and mentoring a student
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Perceived influences of a music teacher education programme on preservice music educators’ occupational identity development Music Education Research (IF 1.437) Pub Date : 2023-05-29 Daniel J. Albert
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine preservice music educators’ perceptions of how the culture of a music teacher education programme and its embedded communities of practice influenced their occupational identity development. Research questions were (a) What specific cultural influences and communities of practice, if any, did the participants describe as particularly influential in
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The development and characteristics of Korean children’s invented notation for musical representation Music Education Research (IF 1.437) Pub Date : 2023-05-26 Youngmeen Suh, Yujin Jang
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine the development and characteristics of invented notation for musical representation. A total of 168 young children aged 3, 4 and 5 years participated in this study. The children listened to rhythm and melody, which represented music, to reveal their use of invented notation. The Korean children used various types of invented notation involving figures
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Inaugural editorial Journal of New Music Research (IF 1.1) Pub Date : 2023-05-25 Johanna Devaney, David Meredith
Published in Journal of New Music Research (Vol. 51, No. 1, 2022)
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Creative uses of low tech in Bamako recording studios (Mali) Journal of New Music Research (IF 1.1) Pub Date : 2023-05-19 Emmanuelle Olivier, Amandine Pras
In Mali, the introduction of 3G alongside growing access to digital audio technologies throughout the 2010s has led a sharp increase in the number of recording studios. Using an ethnography of Bamako studios, we establish a theoretical framework and a methodology to remap music production studies beyond the limits of a Northerncentric narrative. We discuss the notions of high, low and alt tech, and
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Effects of Conducting With or Without a Musical Score on Observers’ Perceptions of Conductors Journal of Research in Music Education (IF 1.985) Pub Date : 2023-05-15 D. Gregory Springer, Brian A. Silvey, Nickolas Doshier, Faith Hall
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of conductor score use (conducting with a musical score vs. conducting without a score) on observers’ perceptions of conductors. We also examine...
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Understanding virtual rehearsal participation through self-determination theory Music Education Research (IF 1.437) Pub Date : 2023-05-10 Matthew L. Williams, Amanda L. Schlegel, Ann Harrington, Jennifer A. Bugos
ABSTRACT The motivation to participate in ensemble rehearsals may be influenced by the rehearsal environment. With the emergence of the virtual rehearsal environment, there is a need to gain a better understanding of how online rehearsals affect participation decisions. The purpose of this study was to determine the applicability of one theory of motivation, Self-Determination Theory, to older adults’
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Globalization, nationalism, and music education in the twenty-first century in Greater China Music Education Research (IF 1.437) Pub Date : 2023-05-09 Ying Xie
Published in Music Education Research (Vol. 25, No. 3, 2023)
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Who takes part in participation? Challenges to empowering student voice in music teacher education Music Education Research (IF 1.437) Pub Date : 2023-05-08 Bendik Fredriksen, Silje Valde Onsrud, Hanne Rinholm, Judy Lewis
ABSTRACT In this study, we employ a participatory action research framework to investigate how preservice music teachers can take part in developing their own education. The main focus is on how two music teacher educators at two institutions in Norway work to create a space for student voice and participation. The study’s data are analysed and presented through a combination of self-study methodology
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Why Do Music Students Attend Counseling? A Longitudinal Study of Reasons in One UK Conservatoire Journal of Research in Music Education (IF 1.985) Pub Date : 2023-04-27 Raluca Matei, Jane Ginsborg
Music students in tertiary education struggle with a range of health-related problems. We investigated students’ self-referrals for counseling at a UK conservatoire to explore trends in students’ a...
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A Grounded Theory of Culturally Responsible Music Teaching Journal of Research in Music Education (IF 1.985) Pub Date : 2023-04-21 Catherine Bennett
The purpose of this study was to examine the nature of culturally responsible music teaching (CRMT) from the perspective of U.S. music teachers working in various formal settings. “Cultural respons...
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Audiences’ emotional response to choir singing by people living with mental health conditions Psychology of Music (IF 1.904) Pub Date : 2023-04-19 Elyse Williams, Jolanda Jetten, Genevieve A. Dingle
Growing evidence shows that choirs improve the well-being of people experiencing chronic mental health conditions; however, the impact of performances by “recovery choirs” (i.e., singers with menta...
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Joseph E. Maddy’s Instrumental Music Lessons via Radio Journal of Research in Music Education (IF 1.985) Pub Date : 2023-04-20 Phillip M. Hash
The purpose of this study was to examine instrumental music lessons taught for schoolchildren over the radio by Joseph Maddy in the 1930s and early 1950s. Research questions addressed (a) condition...
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Public High School Music Education in Maryland: Issues of Equity in Access and Uptake Journal of Research in Music Education (IF 1.985) Pub Date : 2023-04-20 David S. Miller
The purpose of this study was to investigate issues of equity in access, uptake, and outcomes of high school music education in the context of an individual state, Maryland. I explored equity throu...
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Does learning to play an instrument have an impact on change in attainment from age 11 to 16? Br. J. Music Educ. (IF 1.179) Pub Date : 2023-04-20 David Baker, Susan Hallam, Kevin Rogers
Much previous international research has demonstrated links between general school attainment and active engagement with music. The research reported here compared the change in examination outcomes in English and mathematics in national examinations at ages 11 and 16 of instrumentalists and non-instrumentalists. Data from 701 pupils showed statistically significant differences in examination outcomes
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Imprinting-like effects of early adolescent music Psychology of Music (IF 1.904) Pub Date : 2023-04-19 Jiayu Fu, Lynn KL Tan, Norman P Li, XT (XiaoTian) Wang
This research examines the hypothesis that music experienced during puberty in early adolescence imprints on individuals to promote the pursuit of friendships and mating. We conducted an online sur...
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The new Cypriot music curriculum: teachers’ interpretation and implementation of differentiation Br. J. Music Educ. (IF 1.179) Pub Date : 2023-04-19 Chryso Hadjikou, Andrea Creech
Differentiation is a key concept in the Cypriot music curriculum, last revised in 2010. This paper aims to investigate teachers’ interpretation and implementation of differentiation in their music classrooms. Interviews with Cypriot classroom music teachers and focus groups with their students took place within the context of a larger research project that investigated how elements of the Cypriot music
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Music education at the primary level in Syria, before and during the current crisis Int. J. Music Educ. (IF 1.163) Pub Date : 2023-04-18 Rami Chahin
During the last decade, the Syrian crisis has, in various ways, imposed many fundamental changes upon Syrian society. It has pervaded cultural issues at large with a major effect on education. Ideo...
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Institutional change in higher music education: A quest for legitimacy Int. J. Music Educ. (IF 1.163) Pub Date : 2023-04-18 Veronica Ski-Berg, Sigrid R?yseng
Institutional change is being called for to renew higher music education (HME). But what institutional pressures, specifically, are driving these calls, and how are HME organisations responding to ...
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Flipped Learning in the subject ?Music? of E.S.O. [Compulsory Secondary Education] within a rural environment: Impact on students and families Int. J. Music Educ. (IF 1.163) Pub Date : 2023-04-17 Rosabel Roig-Vila, Eugenio Fabra-Brell
This study has as its purpose to ascertain and analyze the impact caused by the implementation of the Flipped Learning model on the students enrolled in the subject ?music? of Spain’s public Compul...
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Translation and validation of music performance self-efficacy scale into Turkish Int. J. Music Educ. (IF 1.163) Pub Date : 2023-04-16 Alper B?rekci, Esra Dalkiran, Zeki Nacakci
The Music Performance Self-Efficacy Scale (MPSES) is an important scale designed to reflect the four sources of self-efficacy of Bandura by Zelenak, and has been used in many studies of music educa...