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Nature Medicine asks six leading AI researchers to explain how LLM-powered chatbots are having an impact on health, from virtual nurses to detecting cancer progression.

In people with cardiovascular disease (without diabetes) and overweight or obesity, the GLP-1 receptor agonist semaglutide significantly reduced the risk of major cardiovascular events.

The adoption of medical AI devices in clinical practice is still in its infancy, with uneven usage across procedures and locations in the USA, which underscores the inequities in its real-world implementation.

To the Editor: Ferryman et al. (Aug. 31 issue)1 acknowledge that the entire health care system suffers from the absence of data on race and ethnicity, particularly for underserved populations. Artificial intelligence (AI) applications that are trained on such health care data sets are inherently biased and likely to accentuate widening health inequities for underrepresented racial and ethnic groups

To the Editor: To bring focus to discrepancies in asthma-related incidence, morbidity, and mortality falling along socioeconomic lines, the inequity in the availability of guideline-concordant care should be noted in the Clinical Practice article by Mosnaim (Sept. 14 issue).1 The inhaled glucocorticoid–formoterol combination, as recommended in the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) 2023 track 1 guidelines

To the Editor: The definition of iron deficiency that has been widely adopted in the care of patients with heart failure and in the HEART-FID trial by Mentz et al. (Sept. 14 issue)1 blurs the difference between absolute and functional iron deficiency, a distinction that is evident in the bone marrow of patients with heart failure.2 Functional iron deficiency is characterized by a transferrin saturation

In early 2020, multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) was recognized as an emerging life-threatening disease occurring 2 to 6 weeks after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), with symptoms resembling those of Kawasaki’s disease or toxic shock syndrome.1 Unlike typical Kawasaki’s disease, MIS-C has been frequently associated with gastrointestinal

“Wearables” is a term used for forms of technology that are worn on the body, such as smartwatches or adhesive patches containing sensors, and that perform a useful function for the wearer or a caregiver. Common examples include devices that track physical activity and sleep or provide physiological data about the wearer, such as heart rate and rhythm or blood glucose levels. Increasingly, wearables

The persistent scarcity of available donor hearts demands concerted efforts to expand the pool of donors and maximize their use for heart transplantation. Central to this goal is appropriate care for brain-dead donors as performed by organ-procurement organizations (OPOs) and guided by consensus protocols.1,2 Although decades old and incompletely aligned, these protocols generally recommend the use

A 29-year-old man with sickle cell disease, which had been complicated by vaso-occlusive events and osteonecrosis leading to hip arthroplasty, was admitted because of hip pain. A diagnosis was made.

Monitors to measure glucose levels have been paired with software controlling insulin delivery. The authors examine the state of the art in digital technology to manage diabetes (types 1 and 2).

Background Hemodynamic instability and myocardial dysfunction are major factors preventing the transplantation of hearts from organ donors after brain death. Intravenous levothyroxine is widely used in donor care, on the basis of observational data suggesting that more organs may be transplanted from donors who receive hormonal supplementation. Methods Download a PDF of the Research Summary. In this

This Double Take video from the New England Journal of Medicine presents the case of a toddler with a limp. Based on a Clinical Problem-Solving article published in the Journal, the video explores the differential diagnosis for a child refusing to bear weight on his right leg and follows its evolution as new clinical findings arise from the diagnostic evaluation. For further reading, the following

Objectives To estimate all cause and cause specific deaths that are attributable to fossil fuel related air pollution and to assess potential health benefits from policies that replace fossil fuels with clean, renewable energy sources. Design Observational and modelling study. Methods An updated atmospheric composition model, a newly developed relative risk model, and satellite based data were used

Objective To describe the long term risk of cervical cancer in women with untreated (that is, undergoing active surveillance) or immediately treated cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 (CIN2). Design Nationwide population based historical cohort study. Setting Danish healthcare registries. Participants Women with CIN2 diagnosed in 1998-2020 and aged 18-40 years at diagnosis, who had either active

Objectives To examine the association between social media use and health risk behaviours in adolescents (defined as those 10-19 years). Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources EMBASE, Medline, APA PsycINFO, SocINDEX, CINAHL, SSRN, SocArXic, PsyArXiv, medRxiv, and Google Scholar (1 January 1997 to 6 June 2022). Methods Health risk behaviours were defined as use of alcohol, drugs, tobacco

Prescrire is a French independent non-profit organisation that offers healthcare professionals information on the clinical benefits—or otherwise—of medicines and diagnostic strategies. It rates new medicines on a seven point scale from “bravo” to “judgement reserved,” via “possibly helpful,” “nothing new,” and “not acceptable.” A cross sectional study of 632 medicines entering the French market between

All Muslim and Jewish doctors, and many of other faiths or none, will have felt tormented by the recent horrific events in Israel and Gaza. I share with many colleagues not only a sense of despair at the inhumanity of these events but also one of helplessness, in the face of the unfathomably destructive forces underlying them. Anyone with connections to the region will have been especially affected

Corticosteroids have a small but worthwhile effect in reducing deaths from community acquired pneumonia, according to a systematic review of 15 randomised controlled trials. Average 30 day mortality fell from 9% in patients given standard care to 6% in those treated with adjunctive corticosteroids. Not all trials reported adverse events but, in those that did, corticosteroids were not associated with

These are abdominal computed tomography scans of a man in his 70s who presented with fever and right lower quadrant abdominal pain (fig 1, coronal view left, sagittal view right). On examination, he had a bulge in …

Jane Feinmann reports on ActionAid UK, which champions women’s rights during humanitarian crises The plight of women and girls managing menstruation during humanitarian crises is below the radar of many aid organisations. But it’s a priority for ActionAid UK, the choice for The BMJ ’s annual appeal this year—and the charity’s response to the September earthquake in Morocco shows why. That earthquake

Campaigners have called for the Royal Berkshire’s Call 4 Concern system to be used as the basis for guaranteeing a patient’s right to a second opinion. Erin Dean meets the doctors, nurses, and patients involved in its implementation, as well as its founder On every bedside locker at the Royal Berkshire Hospital is a sticker bearing a phone number for the Call 4 Concern service. This information, also

A man in his 20s presented to the dermatology clinic with a one week history of fever, myalgia, and malaise and a five day history of painful lesions on the penis and pubis. The lesions had gradually increased in number and size over 2-3 days, and each developed a central umbilicated necrotic black crust with peripheral oedematous erythema (fig 1). The left inguinal lymph nodes were enlarged and tender

A rapid and just transition to cleaner energy is needed Fossil fuels are the principal driver of the climate change currently damaging human health, wellbeing, and ecosystems, and posing a threat to overall planetary health.12 Fossil fuels are also a major source of particulate matter and ozone.3 These air pollutants are responsible for a wide range of adverse health outcomes, including an estimated

Pepperer. Grocer. Apothecary. Surgeon apothecary. General practitioner (https://www.apothecaries.org/history/origins).1 The evolution of medical associate professionals in the UK may not enjoy quite the same narrative arc, steeped as it is in workforce practicalities, but it does echo many of the controversies accompanying the introduction of apothecaries into medical practice. The Apothecaries Act

How many reports are required before cultural change to prevent sexual misconduct is enacted in the NHS? A recent report titled Breaking the Silence ,1 written by the Working Party on Sexual Misconduct in Surgery, details the stark reality of sexual harassment, assault, and rape among surgical staff in the UK. Of more than 1400 UK surgeons surveyed by the reports’ authors, 30% of female respondents

The term “virtual wards” gained fresh momentum in the NHS during the first waves of covid-19. Before the pandemic it had referred to community based, multidisciplinary teams case managing patients at high risk of acute hospital admission to prevent or respond to crises and keep them at home.12 It was then repurposed in 2020-21 to describe telephone and digital monitoring of symptoms and physiological

Many US medical schools don't include firearm injuries in their curriculum. Amelia Mercado and Taimur Siddiqui call for more teaching on this important public health issue Firearm injuries have become an epidemic in the United States. In 2022, more than 48?000 US citizens died from firearm related injuries of all types—unintentional, suicide, and homicide—and in 2020 firearms surpassed motor vehicle

Thank you for the recent joint editorial on the global health emergency; I applaud the 200 journals sounding the alarm.1 Strong leadership and advocacy are needed more than ever from across the medical profession. The question now is what we do if these calls are not heard, and COP28 fails to deliver in the same way as COP27 before it? What do we do when our current prime minister wants to water down

Former US covid-19 response coordinator Ashish Jha tells The BMJ about antivirals, long covid, his worries for the winter season—and why the “partisanisation” of vaccination worries him Taking office in November 2021, US President Joe Biden was immediately confronted by the chaotic nature of his country’s reaction to covid-19. One of his first actions was to appoint a “covid-19 tsar”—someone who would

Concerns include value for money and lack of public trust in the supplier On 21 November, NHS England announced the procurement of a federated data platform (FDP) for the NHS in England.1 The FDP, which aims to join separate data sources from across the NHS, is now one of the largest and most ambitious health data infrastructure projects in the world. The ￡330m contract was awarded to the US software

Pathologic α-synuclein plays an important role in the pathogenesis of α-synucleinopathies such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). Disruption of proteostasis is thought to be central to pathologic α-synuclein toxicity; however, the molecular mechanism of this deregulation is poorly understood. Complementary proteomic approaches in cellular and animal models of PD were used to identify and characterize the

Individuals with primary and pharmacologic B cell deficiencies have high rates of severe disease and mortality from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the immune responses and clinical outcomes after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and vaccination have yet to be fully defined. Here, we evaluate the cellular immune responses after both SARS-CoV-2 infection

Epithelial cells are covered in carbohydrates (glycans). This glycan coat or “glycocalyx” interfaces directly with microbes, providing a protective barrier against potential pathogens. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a condition associated with adverse health outcomes in which bacteria reside in direct proximity to the vaginal epithelium. Some of these bacteria, including Gardnerella , produce glycosyl

Despite the success of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) inhibitors in treating solid tumors, only a proportion of patients respond. Here, we describe a first-in-class bifunctional therapeutic molecule, STAR0602, that comprises an antibody targeting germline Vβ6 and Vβ10 T cell receptors (TCRs) fused to human interleukin-2 (IL-2) and simultaneously engages a nonclonal mode of TCR

Radiotherapy remains a common treatment modality for cancer despite skeletal complications. However, there are currently no effective treatments for radiation-induced bone loss, and the consequences of radiotherapy on skeletal progenitor cell (SPC) survival and function remain unclear. After radiation, leptin receptor–expressing cells, which include a population of SPCs, become localized to hypoxic

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Objective To evaluate the impact of implementing a high sensitivity assay for cardiac troponin I on long term outcomes in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome. Design Secondary observational analysis of a stepped wedge, cluster randomised controlled trial. Setting 10 secondary and tertiary care centres in Scotland, UK. Participants 48?282 consecutive patients with suspected acute coronary

There has been a lack of detailed planning for a pandemic that affects children, argue these authors Before covid-19, concerns were raised that the UK was unprepared for a pandemic that predominantly affected children.1 The situation has not changed with a lack of granular pandemic planning for children since the planning for a potential H1N1 pandemic in the mid-2000s. This is of concern as a future

There’s been much discussion in the press and on social media about the role of physician associates and anaesthetic associates.123 Who exactly are they, and how are they trained? The Department of Health and Social Care says that they’re “trained in the medical model”—but what does this actually mean?4 Among many possible meanings, an early paper on physician associates from 2005 defines it as “the

As a surgeon, I’m focused on the NHS’s huge waiting list for elective surgery and have written about how to improve it.1 But, given that only 13% of hospital bed days are used for elective surgery, this isn’t what’s depleting the NHS.2 I recently did seven different conference presentations in a week. The most effective was for a public event in Eastbourne about the health benefits of active travel

Credit: ANL/Shutterstock If Donald Longmore had had his way, the first human-to-human heart transplantation would have been carried out in London, not Cape Town. News of Christiaan Barnard’s operation on Louis Washkanshy in the early hours of 3 December 1967 disappointed Longmore. He had spent up to three days a week in the previous four years at the Royal Veterinary College undertaking hundreds of

New study reports benefits for some patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome Cardiac troponins have replaced other blood biomarkers for the diagnosis of myocardial injury. They are widely used to risk stratify patients towards safe early discharge or further investigation of coronary anatomy when clinical and electrocardiographic features are suggestive of acute coronary syndrome. High sensitivity

An error occurred in the figure in this …

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Preclinical and initial human studies suggest that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists may be promising treatments for alcohol use disorder, but existing approved treatments should be used until safety and efficacy is demonstrated in clinical trials.

Recruitment of medical associate professionals should be paused to allow time for problems around regulation, scope of practice, and supervision to be resolved, writes David Nicholl As Partha Kar said in his recent column, the whole situation around medical associate professionals, including physician associates and anaesthetic associates, is “an unqualified mess.”1 The latest development in the debate

Physician associate roles and doctor apprenticeships open avenues for students to take non-traditional routes into the medical workforce—we must help pave the way for them to succeed, write Aneez Esmail and Sam Everington Physician associates and apprenticeships are seen by many in the medical profession as controversial, and some doctors have expressed concerns that their medical training is being